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underlayer    
下垫层; 底垫; 垫底层

下垫层; 底垫; 垫底层

Underlayer \Un"der*lay`er\, n.
1. One who, or that which, underlays or is underlaid; a lower
layer.
[1913 Webster]

2. (Mining) A perpendicular shaft sunk to cut the lode at any
required depth. --Weale.
[1913 Webster]


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  • Nasa Ozone Watch: Ozone hole facts
    Bromine is involved in a second catalytic reaction with chlorine that contributes a large fraction of ozone loss The ozone hole grows throughout the early spring until temperatures warm and the polar vortex weakens, ending the isolation of the air in the polar vortex
  • What Causes the Ozone Layer Hole? - The Institute for Environmental . . .
    What Causes the Ozone Layer Hole? The primary culprit behind the ozone layer hole is the release of human-produced chemicals, specifically chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS) into the atmosphere
  • Ozone depletion | Facts, Effects, Solutions | Britannica
    Ozone depletion, gradual thinning of Earth’s ozone layer caused by the release of chemical compounds containing gaseous chlorine or bromine from industry and other human activities The thinning is most pronounced in the polar regions, especially over Antarctica
  • The Ozone Hole: Causes and Consequences - evs. institute
    The ozone hole is not a literal gap in the atmosphere It is a region of exceptionally depleted ozone in the stratosphere over Antarctica that appears at the beginning of the Southern Hemisphere spring, typically between August and October
  • Ozone depletion - Wikipedia
    The main causes of ozone depletion and the ozone hole are manufactured chemicals, especially manufactured halocarbon refrigerants, solvents, propellants, and foam- blowing agents (chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), HCFCs, halons), referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS) [2]
  • What Is Ozone Hole Definition Causes And Effects?
    The ozone hole, which forms annually over the South Pole, is a local thinning of the ozone layer caused by human-made chemicals that rise to the stratosphere Once there, these chemicals destroy ozone molecules
  • Discovering the Culprits Causing Ozone Holes - Center for Science Education
    In the 1980s, scientist Susan Solomon and her team with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) discovered that the colorful, shimmering clouds forming high above Antarctica were the key to understanding how CFCs destroyed the ozone so rapidly, creating the enormous ozone hole
  • Ozone Depletion and Ozone Holes | Earth and Atmospheric . . . - EBSCO
    The increased rate of ozone removal caused by the abundance of reactive chlorine present in the stratosphere leads to ozone depletion and formation of the ozone hole
  • Information on Ozone and Ozone Depletion | US EPA
    By the 1980s, it was clear that these ozone-depleting substances (ODS) were indeed having a significant impact on stratospheric ozone, leading to the creation of a progressively worsening “ozone hole” each springtime over Antarctica
  • Ozone Layer - Our World in Data
    But, during the 1970s, ‘80s, and ‘90s, humans were emitting large quantities of substances that depleted the ozone layer This led to the creation of ozone holes at the earth’s poles, exposing life to higher levels of ultraviolet radiation and increasing the risks of skin cancer in humans





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