penitentiary 音标拼音: [p
, ɛnɪt'ɛntʃɚi]
n . 听悔僧,教诲师,赎免局
a . 改过的,感化的,惩罚的
听悔僧,教诲师,赎免局改过的,感化的,惩罚的
penitentiary adj 1 :
used for punishment or reform of criminals or wrongdoers ;
"
penitentiary institutions "
2 :
showing or constituting penance ; "
penitential tears "; "
wrote a penitential letter apologizing for her hasty words " [
synonym :
{
penitential }, {
penitentiary }]
n 1 :
a correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes [
synonym : {
penitentiary }, {
pen }]
Penitentiary \
Pen `
i *
ten "
tia *
ry \
(
p [
e ^]
n `[
i ^]*
t [
e ^]
n "
sh [.
a ]*
r [
y ^]),
a . [
Cf .
F .
p ['
e ]
nitentiaire .]
1 .
Relating to penance ,
or to the rules and measures of penance . "
A penitentiary tax ." --
Abp .
Bramhall .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 .
Expressive of penitence ;
as ,
a penitentiary letter .
[
1913 Webster ]
3 .
Used for punishment ,
discipline ,
and reformation .
"
Penitentiary houses ." --
Blackstone .
[
1913 Webster ]
Penitentiary \
Pen `
i *
ten "
tia *
ry \,
n .;
pl . {
Penitentiaries }. [
Cf .
F .
p ['
e ]
nitencier .
See {
Penitent }.]
1 .
One who prescribes the rules and measures of penance .
[
Obs .] --
Bacon .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 .
One who does penance . [
Obs .] --
Hammond .
[
1913 Webster ]
3 .
A small building in a monastery where penitents confessed .
--
Shpiley .
[
1913 Webster ]
4 .
That part of a church to which penitents were admitted .
--
Shipley .
[
1913 Webster ]
5 . (
R .
C .
Ch .)
(
a )
An office of the papal court which examines cases of conscience ,
confession ,
absolution from vows ,
etc .,
and delivers decisions ,
dispensations ,
etc .
Its chief is a cardinal ,
called the Grand Penitentiary ,
appointed by the pope .
(
b )
An officer in some dioceses since A .
D .
1215 ,
vested with power from the bishop to absolve in cases reserved to him .
[
1913 Webster ]
6 .
A house of correction ,
in which offenders are confined for punishment ,
discipline ,
and reformation ,
and in which they are generally compelled to labor ;
a prison ;
a jail .
Colloquially often shortened to {
pen }.
[
1913 Webster ]
99 Moby Thesaurus words for "
penitentiary ":
Grand Penitentiary ,
Holy Father ,
POW camp ,
abuna ,
antipope ,
archbishop ,
archdeacon ,
archpriest ,
bail ,
bastille ,
bishop ,
bishop coadjutor ,
black hole ,
borstal ,
borstal institution ,
bridewell ,
brig ,
can ,
canon ,
cardinal ,
cardinal bishop ,
cardinal deacon ,
cardinal priest ,
cassock ,
cell ,
chaplain ,
coadjutor ,
concentration camp ,
condemned cell ,
confessor ,
cooler ,
coop ,
curate ,
cure ,
dean ,
death cell ,
death house ,
death row ,
detention camp ,
diocesan ,
ecclesiarch ,
exarch ,
father ,
father confessor ,
father in Christ ,
federal prison ,
forced -
labor camp ,
gallach ,
gaol ,
guardhouse ,
hierarch ,
high priest ,
hoosegow ,
house of correction ,
house of detention ,
industrial school ,
internment camp ,
jail ,
jailhouse ,
keep ,
labor camp ,
lockup ,
maximum -
security prison ,
metropolitan ,
minimum -
security prison ,
oubliette ,
padre ,
papa ,
parish priest ,
patriarch ,
pen ,
penal colony ,
penal institution ,
penal settlement ,
pontiff ,
pope ,
prebendary ,
prelate ,
presbyter ,
priest ,
primate ,
prison ,
prison camp ,
prisonhouse ,
rector ,
reform school ,
reformatory ,
rural dean ,
spiritual director ,
spiritual father ,
sponging house ,
state prison ,
stockade ,
subdean ,
suffragan ,
the hole ,
tollbooth ,
training school ,
vicar PENITENTIARY .
A prison for the punishment of convicts .
2 .
There are two systems of penitentiaries in the United States ,
each of which is claimed to be the best by its partisans :
the Pennsylvania system and the New York system .
By the former ,
convicts are lodged in separate ,
well lighted ,
and well ventilated cells ,
where they are required to work ,
during stated hours .
During the whole time of their confinement ,
they are never permitted to see or speak with each other .
Their usual employments are shoemaking ,
weaving ,
winding yarn ,
picking wool ,
and such like business .
The only punishments to which convicts are subject ,
are the privation of food for short periods ,
and confinement without labor in dark ,
but well aired cells ;
this discipline has been found sufficient to keep perfect order ;
the whip and all other corporal punishments are prohibited .
The advantages of the plan are numerous .
Men cannot long remain in solitude without labor convicts ,
when deprived of it ,
ask it as a favor ,
and in order to retain it ,
use ,
generally ,
their best exertions to do their work well ;
being entirely secluded ,
they are of course unknown to their fellow prisoners ,
and can form no combination to escape while in prison ,
or associations to prey upon society when they are out ;
being treated with kindness ,
and afforded books for their instruction and amusement ,
they become satisfied that society does not make war upon them ,
and ,
more disposed to return to it ,
which they are not prevented from doing by the exposure of their fellow prisoners ,
when in a strange place ;
the labor of the convicts tends greatly to defray the expenses of the prison .
The disadvantages which were anticipated have been found ,
to be groundless .;
Among these were ,
that the prisoners would be unhealthy ;
experience has proved the contrary ;
that they would become insane ,
this has also been found to be otherwise ;
that solitude is incompatible with the performance of business ;
that obedience to the discipline of the prison could not be enforced .
These and all other objections to this system are ,
by its friends ,
believed to be without force .
3 .
The New York system ,
adopted at Auburn ,
which was probably copied from the penitentiary at Ghent ,
in the Netherlands ,
called La Maison de Force ,
is founded on the system of isolation and separation ,
as well as that of Pennsylvania ,
but with this difference ,
that in the former the prisoners are confined to their separate cells during the night only ;
during the working hours in the day time they labor together in work shops appropriated to their use .
They cat their meals together ,
but in such a manner as not to be able to speak with each other .
Silence is also imposed upon them at their labor .
They perform the labor of carpenters ,
blacksmiths ,
weavers ,
shoemakers ,
tailors ,
coopers ,
gardeners ,
wood sawyers , &
c .
The discipline of the prison is enforced by stripes ,
inflicted by the assistant keepers ,
on the backs of the prisoners ,
though this punishment is rarely exercised .
The advantages of this plan are ,
that the convicts are in solitary confinement during the night ;
that their labor ,
by being joint ,
is more productive ;
that ,
inasmuch as a clergyman is employed to preach to the prisoners ,
the system affords an ,
opportunity for mental and moral improvements .
Among the objections made to it are ,
that the prisoners have opportunities of communicating with each other ,
and of forming plans of escape ,
and when they are out of prison ,
of associating together in consequence of their previous acquaintance ,
to the detriment of those who wish to return to virtue ,
and to the danger of the public ;
that the discipline is degrading ,
and that it engenders bitter resentment in the mind of the convict .
Vide ,
generally ,
on the subject of penitentiaries ,
Report of the Commissioners (
Messrs .
King ,
Shaler ,
and Wharton ,)
on the Penal Code of Pennsylvania ;
De Beaumont and De Toqueville ,
on the Penitentiary System of the United States ;
Mease on the Penitentiary System of Pennsylvania ;
Carey on ditto ;
Reports of the Boston Prison Discipline Society ;
Livingston '
s excellent Introductory Report to the Code of Reform and Prison Discipline ,
prepared for the state of Louisiana ;
Encycl .
Americ .
art .
Prison Discipline ;
De .
I '
Etat Actuel des Prisons en France ,
par L .
M .
More au Christophe ;
Dalloz ,
Dict .
mot Peine ,
Sec .
1 ,
n .
3 ,
and Supplem .
mots Prisons et Bagnes .
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